I am trying to solve a logistic equation $\frac{dP}{dt}=rP\left ( 1-\frac{P}{K} \right )$ for the values of $r$ and $K$ through the points $(0,100),(10,130),(20,160)$. I have derived a general solution to be $P(t)=\frac{P_0K}{P_0+(K-P_0)e^{-rt}}$ so solving with first initial conditions gives $P(t)=\frac{100K}{100+(K-100)e^{-rt}} $. From here, how would I go about solving for the other variables $r$ and $K$ with the other initial conditions?
WolframAlpha calculated $K=260$ and $r=\frac{\ln \left ( \frac{5}{8} \right )}{10}$, but how would I solve it analytically?
I think there is an error in your posted data and you meant to write: $$(0,100),(10,130),(\color{red}{20},160)$$
We use the two additional values to set up two equations in two unknowns as
$$\dfrac{100 K}{(K-100) e^{-10 r}+100}=130 \\ \dfrac{100 K}{(K-100) e^{-20 r}+100}=160$$
Solving for $K$ and $r$ yields
$$K=260, ~~ r = \dfrac{\ln \left ( \dfrac{\color{red}{8}}{\color{red}{5}} \right )}{10}$$
Note: We can solve the system many ways, for example, using the first equation to solve for $r$
$$r = \dfrac{1}{10} \ln \left(\dfrac{13 (K-100)}{10 (K-130)}\right)$$
We can now substitute that in the second equation and then solve for $K$
$$\dfrac{169 (K-100)}{K-91}=160 \implies K = 260$$