I noticed that I use the phrases $\textit{for some}$ and $\textit{such that}$ a lot in pretty much every proof.
Here is an example of the use of $\textit{for some}$:
$\textit{The range of a function is defined as:}$
$$f(X) = \left \{ y \in Y \ | \ y = f(x) \ \text{for some} \ x \in X \right \}.$$
Are there common mathematical symbols for those phrases similar to $\exists \ \text{and} \ \forall$?
You can read $\{y\in Y\mid \exists x\in X, y=f (x)\}$ as "the set of all $y\in Y$ such that $y=f (x)$ for some $x\in X$"; essentially, $\mid$ can function as "such that" in that context.
A simple "s. t. " is often understood as "such that" too.