I found this example both in class and in a book, but I'm struggling to understand why is the regular LU decomposition problematic here.
Given a matrix $$A=\left(\matrix{1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\
-1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\
-1 & -1 & 1 & 0 & 1\\
-1 & -1 & -1 & 1 & 1\\
-1 & -1 & -1 & -1 & 1}\right)$$ the LU decomposition is$$A=LU\\
L=\left(\matrix{1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\
-1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
-1 & -1 & 1 & 0 & 0\\
-1 & -1 & -1 & 1 & 0\\
-1 & -1 & -1 & -1 & 1}\right)
\\
U=\left(\matrix{1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 2\\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 4\\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 8\\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 16\\
}\right)
$$
and for a general $n,\ L$ will be similar, and $U$ will be the identity with powers of 2 in the last column.
Solving the system $Ax=b$ by using the decomposition gives $Ly=b\quad ,\quad Ux=y$. For a big $n$ this is said to be numerically unstable. It's clear for me that if we compute $x_n=\frac{y_n}{2^{n-1}}$, substitue $x_n$ for the computation of $x_{n-1}$ etc. we lose the LSBs which might be critical for the computation, thus losing accuracy. But if we compute $m_{in}=\frac{U_{in}}{U_{nn}}$ and calculate $x_i=y_i - m_{in}y_n$, I can't see why should it be unstable.
2026-03-25 14:02:22.1774447342
PLU decomposition, when num. stability requires complete pivoting
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