I really don't get why $$\sum_{j=0}^{\infty} \sum_{k=0}^j a_{k,j-k} =\sum_{j=0}^{\infty} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} a_{k,j}$$
The only thing that makes sense to me is that if I write the terms I have
$$\sum_{j=0}^{\infty} \sum_{k=0}^j a_{k,j-k} =\sum_{j=0}^{\infty} (a_{0,j}+a_{1,j-1}+...+a_{j-1,1}+a_{j,0})$$
And then rearranging the terms I would eventually get the RHS on the first equation, but I have negative index so I'm not sure if this is rigorous or even correct.
Can someone explain me why the equality holds?
Thanks for your time.
Summing over $\mathbb Z^2$ diagonally gives the first series while summing vertically gives the second:
\begin{align}S&=\color{purple}{a_{0,0}}+\color{#229955}{a_{0,1}}+\color{purple}{a_{0,2}}+\color{#229955}{a_{0,3}}+\dots\\&\hspace{1pt}+\color{#229955}{a_{1,0}}+\color{purple}{a_{1,1}}+\color{#229955}{a_{1,2}}+\dots\\&\hspace{1pt}+\color{purple}{a_{2,0}}+\color{#229955}{a_{2,1}}+\dots\\&\hspace{1pt}+\color{#229955}{a_{3,0}}+\dots\\&\hspace{1pt}+\dots\\S&=\color{purple}{a_{0,0}}+\color{#229955}{a_{0,1}}+\color{purple}{a_{0,2}}+\color{#229955}{a_{0,3}}+\dots\\&\hspace{1pt}+\color{purple}{a_{1,0}}+\color{#229955}{a_{1,1}}+\color{purple}{a_{1,2}}+\dots\\&\hspace{1pt}+\color{purple}{a_{2,0}}+\color{#229955}{a_{2,1}}+\dots\\&\hspace{1pt}+\color{purple}{a_{3,0}}+\dots\\&\hspace{1pt}+\dots\end{align}
As mentioned in the comments, absolute convergence allows us to sum the infinite series in different orders, but for conditionally converging series they may not be equal.