Show that singularities of a specific complex function are poles.

Question

Consider the function $g:\mathbb{C}\longrightarrow\mathbb{C}$ defined by $$g(z):=\dfrac{1}{2}\Bigg(\dfrac{1}{1-e^{z(i-1)}}+\dfrac{1}{1-e^{z(-1-i)}}\Bigg)=\dfrac{1}{2}\Bigg(\dfrac{1-e^{z(-1-i)}+1-e^{z(i-1)}}{(1-e^{z(i-1)})(1-e^{z(-1-i)})}\Bigg).$$

It has singularities at $$z_{k}=(1-i)k\pi\ \ \text{and}\ \ \omega_{k}=(1+i)k\pi\ \ \text{for}\ \ k\in\mathbb{Z}.$$

I want to classify these singularities. What I can tell so far is the following:

1. Note that for $k=0$, we have a double zeros in the denominator, but we have a simple zero in the numerator, so even though we have double zeros, the singularity for $k=0$, is still of order 1. And clearly there is no way to remove it.

2. For all other $k$, we can only have one component of the product in the denominator to be $0$ at one time, and $z_{k}$ and $\omega_{k}$ for each $k$, cannot individually make the numerator $0$, and thus for all other $z_{k}$ and $\omega_{k}$, they are simple singularities that cannot be removed.

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I want to say more than these. If they are not removable, are they poles or essential singularities? I can prove neither.

So I expect that they are poles, but I am having a hard to to write $g(z)$ in the form of $$g(z)=(z-z_{k})^{-1}h(z)$$ for some $h(z)$ holomorphic non-vanishing in a neighborhood of $z_{k}$. This is difficult since we don't have things like $z^{4}+1$ so that we can factorize.

For $z=0$, for sure I can use power series expansion of $e^{z(i-1)}$ and $e^{z(-1-i)}$ around $0$, and conclude what I want. For all other $z_{k}$, it seems really time-consuming to do the power series around them.

I don't have any idea about how to prove them are essential either..(I don't believe they are essential actually)

Any idea? Thank you so much!

Answer 1

For $z_{k}\neq 0$, we use L'Hopital's Rule to get \begin{align*} \lim_{z\rightarrow z_{k}}(z-z_{k})g(z)&=\dfrac{1}{2}\lim_{z\rightarrow z_{k}}\dfrac{(z-z_{k})(2-e^{z(-1-i)}-e^{z(i-1)})}{(1-e^{z(i-1)})(1-e^{z(-1-i)})}\\ &=\dfrac{1}{2}\lim_{z\rightarrow z_{k}}\dfrac{(2-e^{z(-1-i)}-e^{z(i-1)})+(z-z_{k})((1+i)e^{z(-1-i)}-(i-1)e^{z(i-1)})}{-(i-1)e^{z(i-1)}(1-e^{z(-1-i)})+(1-e^{z(i-1)})(1+i)}\\ &=\dfrac{1}{2}\dfrac{2-e^{z_{k}(-1-i)}}{(1+i)}<\infty. \end{align*}

A similary computation shows that $$\lim_{z\rightarrow\omega_{k}}(z-z_{k})g(z)<\infty,$$ so all $z_{k},\omega_{k}\neq 0$ are simple poles.

A similar computation shows that $$\lim_{z\rightarrow z_{k}}(z-z_{k})g(z)=\dfrac{1}{(1+i)},$$ similar for $\omega_{k}$.

So all the $z_{k}$ and $\omega_{k}$ are simple poles.