Let $A$ be a ring and let $X=Spec(A)$ and let $U$ be a basic open set in $X$. (i.e. $U=X_f$ for some $f∈A$). If $U=X_f$, show that the ring $A(U)=A_f$ depends only on $U$ and not on $f$.
My Work:
Must prove that if $U=X_f=X_g$ then $A_f\cong A_g$. If $X_f=X_g$, then we can prove that $r((f))=r((g))$. Hence, $f^n=x_1g$ and $g^m=x_2f$ for some $n,m>0$ and $x_1,x_2\in A$. Here $A_f=S^{-1}A$ where $S=\{f^k\}_{k\geq 0}$ and similarly $A_g$ is defined.
I define $\phi: A_f \rightarrow A_g$ by $\displaystyle \phi(\frac{a}{f^k})=\frac{a}{g^k}$. Then I could show that $\phi$ is bijective. And it is clear that $\displaystyle \phi(\frac{a}{f^k}\frac{b}{f^r})=\phi(\frac{a}{f^k})\phi(\frac{b}{f^r})$.
But in order to show the other property of a homomorphism I must prove that $\displaystyle \phi(\frac{a}{f^k}+\frac{b}{f^r})=\phi(\frac{a}{f^k})+\phi(\frac{b}{f^r})$. But i was fail to prove it. Can anyone please help me to prove it?
There is an elegant way of proving this. You prove that if $M$ is an $A$-module then $S^{-1} A$ (resp. $S^{-1} M$) is canonically isomorphic to $S'^{-1} A$ (resp. $S'^{-1} M$) where $S'$ is the multiplicative subset of $A$ consisting of elements $g\in A$ dividing an element of $S =\{f^n\;|\;n\in\mathbf{N}\}$.
Note that this in fact does not depend on the form of $S$. See EGA I, chapitre 1, 1.3, paragraph (1.3.1) before the lemma (1.3.2) for what you want, as well as EGA I, chapitre 0, paragraphe (1.4.3) for the reason I was stating above. By the way, showing this is quite useful in the "area" I suspect you're actually in, because it is often used for results on modules $\widetilde{M}$'s etc.
In down to earth terms : in you divide an invertible element, you are also invertible.