I aim to show that $\int_{(0,1]} 1/x = \infty$. My original idea was to find a sequence of simple functions $\{ \phi_n \}$ s.t $\lim\limits_{n \rightarrow \infty}\int \phi_n = \infty$. Here is a failed attempt at finding such a sequence of $\phi_n$:
(1) Let $A_k = \{x \in (0,1] : 1/x \ge k \}$ for $k \in \mathbb{N}$.
(2) Let $\phi_n = n \cdot \chi_{A_n}$
(3) $\int \phi_n = n \cdot m(A_n) = n \cdot 1/n = 1$
Any advice from here on this approach or another?
On
I think this may be the same as what Davide Giraudo wrote, but this way of saying it seems simpler. Let $\lfloor w\rfloor$ be the greatest integer less than or equal to $w$. Then the function $$x\mapsto \begin{cases} \lfloor 1/x\rfloor & \text{if } \lfloor 1/x\rfloor\le n \\[8pt] n & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}$$ is simple. It is $\le 1/x$ and its integral over $(0,1]$ approaches $\infty$ as $n\to\infty$.
Write $I_k:=((k+1)^{-1},k^{—1})$. Then for each $n$, $s_n:=\sum_{k=1}^nk\chi_{I_k}$ is a simple non-negative function, and $0\leq s_n\leq f(x):=1/x$. We have $$\int_{(0,1]}s_n \, d\lambda=\sum_{k=1}^nk\left(\frac 1k-\frac 1{k+1}\right)=\sum_{k=1}^nk\frac{k+1-k}{k(k+1)}=\sum_{k=1}^n\frac 1{k+1}.$$ So $$\int_{(0,1]}s_{2n} \, d\lambda-\int_{(0,1]}s_n \, d\lambda=\sum_{k=n+1}^{2n}\frac 1{k+1}\geq\frac n{2n+1}\geq \frac 13.$$ As the sequence $\{\int_{(0,1]}s_n \, d\lambda\}$ is increasing, it has a limit. This one can't be finite by the last inequality, and the sequence is non-negative, so it converges to $+\infty$. This proves that
$$\sup\{\int_{(0,1]}s \, d\lambda,0\leq s\leq f, s\text{ simple}\}$$
is infinite, that is, $f$ is not Lebesgue integrable.