D (with corresponding eigenvector $\mathbf{x}$) and C (with corresponding $\mathbf{y}$) are similar matrices, which means they have the same eigenvalues.
So the relation $C = S^{-1}DS$ holds.
So we get these relations: $C\mathbf{x} = \lambda \mathbf{x} $ and $ D\mathbf{y} = \lambda \mathbf{y}$
How can we with these details arrive to the equality?: $\mathbf{x} = S^{-1} \mathbf{y} $
Substituting $C$ with $D$ you get $ D S x = \lambda S x$, so $S x$ is an eigenvector of $D$.