The support of a function is the closure of the set of points where the function has non zero values.
The function $f(x)=\cos(x)$ is zero only at the points $x=\frac{(2k+1)\pi}{2}$, $k \in \mathbb{Z}$
So the support of $f$ is the set $\{ x \in \mathbb{R} : x \notin \frac{(2k+1)\pi}{2}$ for all $k \in \mathbb{Z} \}$
From this, how can we deduce that the support of $f$ then equal to $\mathbb{R}$?
No. It is the closure of the set $\{ x \in \mathbb{R} : x \notin \frac{(2k+1)\pi}{2}$ for all $k \in \mathbb{Z} \}$.
By showing that the closure of $\{ x \in \mathbb{R} : x \notin \frac{(2k+1)\pi}{2}$ for all $k \in \mathbb{Z} \}$ is $\mathbb{R}$.