Under what circumstances can this happen?

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The a function $f = \dfrac{\sin x}{x} \in L_2(\mathbb{R}^n)$ is not in $L_1(\mathbb{R}^n)$, but $\hat{f} \in L_1(\mathbb{R}^n)$.

Under what circumstances can this happen?

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Actually

The Fourier transformation is bijective only on $L_2(\mathbb{R}^n)$ not on $L_1(\mathbb{R}^n)$. So there is no contradiction to this.

Furthermore, because there is no inclusion between $L_1$ and $L_2$ these can happen without contradiction.

I hope it answers to your question.