One of the step in proving Green's theorem is:(from Advanced Calculus of Several Variables)
For every nice region that is the image of unit square $I^2$ under a suitable mapping.
The set $D$ subset in $R^2$ is
called an oriented smooth 2-cell if there exists a one-to-one $C^1$ mapping $F:U \rightarrow R^2$ such that $F(I^2)=D$ and $I^2$ is a subset of open set $U$
and the Jacobian determinant of F is positive at each point of U.
So from Inverse function theorem we now that $F$ open sets send to open sets.
Otherwise, F will send point from $Int(I^2)$ to $Int(D)$.
But why F will send frontier of square $(I^2)$ to frontier of $D$ and keeping the positive orientation?
2026-03-29 13:22:10.1774790530
Verify step in proving Green's theorem (oriented 2-cells)
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If $x$ is a frontier point of $I^2$ and $F(x)$ is not a frontier point of $D$, then there is an open set around $F(x)$ contained in $\mbox{Int } D$. The inverse image of that open set has to contain $x$, but is in $\mbox{Int } I^2,$ contradiction.
Since the Jacobian is positive, we know the orientation is preserved.