What is the reason for the existence of real numbers? Is it an artifact/side effect of our thought process?

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The observation of lengths that can not be represented by rational numbers was noticed if I recall correctly by some Pythagorean disciple over applying the Pythagorean theorem on a triangle with side units of $1$ and realizing that there is no choice for a rational number that when squared is $2$. This discovery led to the real number set.
May be it is a silly question, but I was wondering if this (real numbers) is a side-effect/consequence of how we have structured/invented our number system e.g. base $10$ or if not, how can it be explained in such basis?

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Whether mathematics is invented or discovered and whether its constructs are "real" are interesting philosophical questions.

The Greeks discovered(?) that the rational numbers were not sufficient to model the idea of a continuous geometric line of points.

That kind of line turns out to be interesting mathematically and useful for modeling physical phenomena. So mathematicians have spent a lot of time figuring out how to describe such an object using the rational numbers and some kind of limiting process. Infinite decimals in base $10$ are one such way.