In his book Lectures on the theory of algebraic numbers, Hecke says that the content of the quadratic reciprocity theorem, formulated and proved entirely in terms of rationals (integers) points beyond the domain of rational numbers.
He is talking about the algebraic numbers but how is it seen that it points elsewhere?
On
Just to elaborate on Qiaochu's answer: one way to prove quadratic reciprocity is to observe that, for an odd prime $p$, the quadratic field $\mathbb Q(\sqrt{\pm p})$ (the sign being chosen so that $\pm p \equiv 1 \bmod 4$) is contained in $\mathbb Q(\zeta_p)$ (the field obtained by adjoining a primitive $p$th root of unity to $\mathbb Q$), as can be seen by using Gauss sums, and combining this with the irreducibility of the $p$th cyclotomic polynomial (which shows that $Gal(\mathbb Q(\zeta_p)/\mathbb Q) = (\mathbb Z/p)^{\times}$).
All these concepts go back to Gauss's Disquitiones Arithmeticae, which served to ispire and guide all the subsequent developments in number theory in the 19th century.
Gauss himself introduced his Gaussian integers (i.e. the ring $\mathbb Z[i]$) as part of his investigations of biquadratic (i.e. fourth power) reciprocity. His student Eisenstein investigated cubic reciprocity (and introduced the ring $\mathbb Z[\zeta_3]$ as a tool to this end).
Later in the 19th century Kummer investigated higher prime power reciprocity laws, and was led to the invention of the main concepts of algebraic number theory (ideals, unique factorization into prime ideas, the class group and class number, all in the context of the fields $\mathbb Q(\zeta_p)$) as part of his investigation.
The investigation of higher reciprocity laws continued. When the class group of $\mathbb Q(\zeta_p)$ is non-trivial, especially when it has order divisible by $p$, new phenomena emerged, which led Hilbert to the concept of Hilbert class field.
Out of all this the general conception of class field theory emerged, and was finally established by Takagi in the early 20th century.
Hecke was aware of all this tradition, and it to this tradition and these developments that he is referring in his remark.
Quadratic reciprocity suggests that there ought to be a cubic or quartic reciprocity law. There are, but even to state them cleanly (let alone prove them) it is best to work in $\mathbb{Z}[\omega]$ or $\mathbb{Z}[i]$ respectively instead of the integers, roughly speaking because of Kummer theory. See, for example, the Wikipedia articles, and in particular the following quotes from Gauss on quartic reciprocity:
and cubic reciprocity:
The proof of quadratic reciprocity by Gauss sums also naturally leads to an elegant proof using the Galois theory of number fields which generalizes to the Kronecker-Weber theorem and suggests the beginnings of class field theory.