Why isn't there any method to solve integral, like differentiation has?

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Differentiation of function has a method to solve, by limits

$$ \frac{d(f(x))}{dx} = \lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}$$

Is there any method by which we can solve integral without using antiderivative, like differentiation does?

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The short answer is "no". There is no mechanical way to integrate generally. Additionally, you will find that there are a lot of "basic" integrals that have no symbolic solutions. (Note that, technically, anything has a symbolic solution if you simply define a new symbol. However, integration doesn't have any closed set like differentiation does.)

Example: $\int \cos(x^2)\,dx$ does not have a solution, except by introducing a new symbol to represent its results (and, in fact, the "fresnel integral" function is often used for that one).

In mathematics, not everything can be mechanically determined. This comes as a surprise to many, but it is a fact of mathematics.