I know that the projective plane is represented topologically like this:
But why while applying Van Kampen theorem, it is sometimes drawn like this:
Could anyone explain this to me, please?
2026-03-27 06:09:54.1774591794
Why the projective plane is sometimes drawn like this?
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Are you asking why these describe the same space? You can match them up by matching up the two dots in the bottom diagram with, say, the lower left and upper right corners in the top diagram.