3d object identification: a formula for numeric identification of shapes.

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I am not from mathematics fields, but I an working on a monograph for software engineering and I am looking for references related to the following problem:

Considering for example a set of 3d primitive shapes like: sphere, cube, pyramid, torus, cylinder. Using properties like number of vertex, edges, faces, volume perimeter and maybe ratio and proportions... are there studies related to formulas allowing the numeric identification of shapes? a constant that repeats in every shape? I am sorry if this is a silly question, but I am not having success finding papers related to this subject.