I am looking for a comprehensive book or notes in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology techniques used in string theory compactifications covering topics like orientifolds, orbiolds, Calabi-Yau manifolds and toric geometry, divisors, resolution of singularities, fiber bundles etc.
If it contains explicit examples and exercises it would be useful.
Did you try the CMI book on Mirror Symmetry by Hori et al, available here ? In particular chapters 6 and 7 seem relevant.