Are there any generalizations of continued fractions to approximations of other polynomial equations?

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One of the more interesting results about continued fractions, is that the continued fraction representation of a number repeats if and only if the number is a solution to a polynomial of degree 2 (or less) in rational coefficients. I was wondering if there exist other ways to represent real numbers that allow for the same but with other degree polynomials.

EDIT: I somehow missed a couple of words.