For practice I gave myself some limits to compute. I gave myself hard limits so that the test might be easier.
Limit #1.
Evaluate the limit:
$$\lim_{n \to \infty} \log (n) \int_0^1 \bigg(\exp\bigg(\frac{1}{\log(x)}\bigg)\log(x)x\bigg)^n ~dx.$$
My attempt:
I saw the expression and boosted $n$ in my mind immediately to gain conceptual ground on the problem. In parallel I placed a small amount of my energetic resources into thinking analytically. I was able to get to a $0~\cdot \infty$ form for the limit fairly quickly. This is because I knew that the integrand would go to $0$ if I ignored the pre-multiplication of $\log(n).$
I figured out that I could manipulate the indeterminate form and then hit it with L'Hopital's rule.
So I rewrote the big expression above as:
$$ \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{\log (n)} {\int_0^1 \bigg(\exp\bigg(\frac{1}{\log(x)}\bigg)\log(x)x\bigg)^n ~dx}.$$
And then I unfortunately realized that this is a form $\frac{\infty}{0}.$ I realized that I could not use L'Hopitals rule...
Then I decided to try again, this time with more urgency and purpose. So I rewrote it a different way and realized I could in fact now use the rule!
$$\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\log(n)}} \int_0^1 \bigg(\exp\bigg(\frac{1}{\log(x)}\bigg)\log(x)x\bigg)^n ~dx$$ because we have the form $\frac{0}{0}.$
L'Hopitals rule goes like: "differentiate the numerator and differentiate the denominator.Then take the limit." So that's what I did:
$$ \frac{\lim_{n\to \infty} \frac{d}{dx} A_n(x)}{\lim_{n\to \infty} \frac{d}{dx} B_n(x)}$$
where $A_n(x)\equiv \int_0^1 \bigg(\exp\bigg(\frac{1}{\log(x)}\bigg)\log(x)x\bigg)^n dx $
and $ B_n(x)\equiv \frac{1}{\log(n)}. $
Then I got confused and wasn't sure if I had defined everything correctly...I went back and checked my work.
I noticed that I should have put, $\frac{d}{dn} B(n),$ in the numerator. I should have used $n$ instead of using the variable $x.$ This is because we're taking the limit as $n$ goes to infinity not the limit as $x$ approaches infinity.
So here I was with $10$ minutes left, and I had not even finished the first question. So I took a deep breath and continued.
I played the end game and asked myself what the answer was. Immediately I came up with 3 options: $0,1,\infty.$ But I needed to verify the correct answer still. This was just a guess.
At this point I'm fairly tired and I just want to give up on the whole thing and come back to it the next day, but I decided to just solve this one problem and forget about the others.
But then I actually did call it quits and save it for the next day.
How do you find the limit? I think it's $0,$ but of course that's no proof.
I agree with Tavish that the limit only makes sense for integer $n$.
Claim: for $n\geq 1$, we have $$ \int _0^1 \left( \exp\left(\frac{1}{\log(x)}\right) x\log(x)\right)^n\,dx= 2 (-1)^n \left(\frac{n}{n+1}\right)^{\frac{n+1}{2}} K_{n+1}\left(\sqrt{4n(n+1)}\right), $$where $K_{\alpha}(x)$ is the modified Bessel function of the second kind: $$ K_{\alpha}(x) = \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^{\alpha}\int_{0}^{\infty} \exp\left(-t - \frac{x^2}{4t}\right) t^{-(\alpha+1)}\,dt $$Since $K_{\alpha}(x)\sim1/2 \Gamma(\alpha) (2/x)^{\alpha}$, the limit in question is indeed $0$ as the $\log(n)$ term gets rapidly outpaced.
So how to prove the claim? Start with the substitution $y=\log(x)$ or $x=e^y$, with $dx=e^ydy$: $$ \int _0^1 \left( \exp\left(\frac{1}{\log(x)}+\log(x)\right) \log(x)\right)^n\,dx $$ $$ \Rightarrow \int _{-\infty}^{0} \exp\left(\frac{n}{y}+(n+1)y\right) y^n\,dy $$ Now put $y\mapsto - ny$ (this could have been done in the previous step) $$ =(-1)^n n^{n+1}\int _0^{\infty} \exp\left(-\frac{1}{y}-n(n+1)y\right) y^n\,dy $$ Now put $y=1/t$ $$ \Rightarrow (-1)^n n^{n+1}\int _0^{\infty} \exp\left(-t-\frac{n(n+1)}{t}\right) t^{-(n+2)}\,dt $$ $$ =(-1)^n n^{n+1}\int _0^{\infty} \exp\left(-t-\frac{(\sqrt{4n(n+1)})^2}{4t}\right) t^{-(n+2)}\,dt $$ $$ = 2 (-1)^n \left(\frac{n}{n+1}\right)^{\frac{n+1}{2}} K_{n+1}\left(\sqrt{4n(n+1)}\right) $$
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