Cauchy's theorem for existence of solution to nonlinear ODE

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I was reading about Cauchy's theorem for existence of solution to nonlinear ODE and the book (Nhan T. Nguyen - Model-Reference Adaptive Control. A Primer) stated "continuity of f (x, t) in a closed region that contains the initial condition ensures that there exists at least one continuous solution that lies therein." As an example the following image is attached,

Nhan T. Nguyen - Model-Reference Adaptive Control. A Primer (2018, Springer) Pg. 38

But isn't this ODE solvable? It can be separated and integrated to get an answer, even at zero: $$\frac{x^2}{2}-x= t +c$$

The constant can also be determined by putting Initial Conditions. I would like an example to clarify more on what Cauchy theorem states. Thanks in advance.