I'm looking at the proof
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_remainder_theorem#Existence_(direct_construction)
for the existence in the Chinese remainder theorem.
Isn't the proof that $\;0\le x\le N$ missing? How do I prove it starting from $$ x=\sum _{i=1}^{k}a_{i}M_{i}N_{i}? $$
See the link for the notation.
That number is a solution of the system of congruences, but it doesn't have to be smaller than $N$ indeed. After having computed it, you simply replace it by its remainder after dividing it by $N$.