In class we were shown a derivation of Leibniz's formula for pi: $$\frac{\pi}{4}=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{(-1)^n}{2n+1}$$ We can rewrite this formula using the following function on $\mathbb{N}$: $$\chi(n)= \begin{cases}1, &\text{if $n\equiv 1\pmod 4$}\\ -1,& \text{if $n\equiv 3\pmod 4$}\\ 0, & \text{if $n$ is even} \end{cases}$$ Leibniz's Formula then becomes $$\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{\chi(n)}{n}$$ We can rewrite this as an Euler product: $$\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{\chi(n)}{n}=\prod_{p\text{ prime}}\frac{1}{1-\chi(p)/p}$$ I get how the formula was obtained, but I'm not sure why this product converges to $\pi/4$. When I look up proofs for Euler products of Dirichlet series, I get results that assume that the series absolutely converges (which I don't think is true for Leibniz's pi formula). Any help would be greatly appreciated.
2026-03-26 04:32:04.1774499524
Convergence of Euler Product for Leibniz Pi Formula
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