I know the coordinates of A, B and C. A and B are on the axis L1. From that information, I can find the coordinates of the center, the length of radius r1 and the equation of L1 (see picture). Then I can find the equation of L2. What are the steps to find the length of r2? I know it should be possible to find the equation of the curve using the point C and then find the intersection between the curve and L2, but I can't wrap my head around how to do that. An example would be greatly appreciated.

Try the "easy" case first, and put the ellipse in the "standard" position, with the longer axis along the x-axis, and the shorter axis along the y-axis. The equation of the ellipse is now
$$ \frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1, $$
you know $a$, and you know a point $C = (x,y)$.