A classic example for this would be the exponential function, or sigmoid function, or even tanh function.
But is there a general form for all these functions, in such a way that the general form follows the same property? (ie the general form function's derivative can be written in terms of the function itself...)
Essentially, you want to solve a differential equation of the form $$\frac{dy}{dx} = \Phi(y).$$ The usual separation of variables gives $$x = \int \frac{dy}{\Phi(y)},$$ so you obtain an explicit solution whenever you are able to calculate the indefinite integral $I(y) = \int \frac{dy}{\Phi(y)}$ and to invert (at least locally) the expression $x=I(y)$.
Of course, this is not always possible in terms of elementary functions. For instance, take $\Phi(y) = e^{y^2}$, so that $I(y)$ becomes the Gaussian integral $\int e^{-y^2} dy$.