To better understand papers like this for example, which makes heavy use of fibre bundles and gauge connections to represent gauge fields, I am looking for a nice introduction to this topic.
The only thing I have read so far is the corresponding chapter 15 of Roger Penrose's "Road to Reality".
I do not want to read a whole book, I am rather thinking about an appropriate introductory paper, lecture notes, or a tutorial.
You can find the definition of a fiber bundle and some examples on pp 376-379 of Hatcher's online book Algebraic Topology. You might also consult "Fiber Bundles," chapter 4 of Lecture Notes in Algebraic Topology, by Davis-Kirk. A fast introduction to connections and curvature can be found here. In the case of surfaces, chapter 3 of these lecture notes might be useful to you.