I came across the inequality in the question in Fourier Analysis and It's Applications by Folland, specifically in the section on Convolutions. If the Gaussian function is defined as
$$G(y) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} e^{-y^2}\textit{,}$$
then
$$G^{(k)}(y) = P_k(y) e^{-y^2}\text{,}$$
for some polynomial $P_k(y)$. I'm not sure what kind of estimates are used to form the inequality $|G^{(k)}(y)| \leq C_k e^{-|y|}$. It's not a terribly hard thing to believe, since $e^{y^2}$ grows faster than any polynomial of finite degree, but I would like to understand the technical explanation for this.