If $X$ is a random variable, would f(X) and X have a correlation of 1?

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If $X$ is a random, would $f(X)$ and $X$ have a correlation of 1?

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No. Your unspecified $f$ can transform $X$ in any way it chooses.

The only way $f(X)$ and $X$ have a (Pearson) correlation of $1$ is when $f(X)=aX+b$ where $a>0$ and $b$ are constants i.e. a linear relationship (with positive slope).