I am reading "An introduction to Manifolds" by Loring Tu. There they've first defined immersion and submersion between manifolds and then gave an example. In the last line of the example they've written This example shows in particular that a submersion need not be onto. And i am unable to understand that statement. For reference the following is the way they've defined immersion and submersion:
A $C^\infty$ map $F:N\to M$ is said to be an immersion at $p\in N$ if its differential $F_{*,p}:T_pN\to T_{F(p)M}$ is injective and a submersion at p if $F_{*,p}$ is surjective.We call F an immersion if it is an immersion at every $p\in N$ and a submersion if it is a submersion at every $p\in N$. I am attaching the screenshot of the example they've given and there i have highlighted the statement that i could not understand. My doubt is that surjective by definition means onto so how can a submersion need not be onto?
2026-05-16 05:40:49.1778910049
Immersion and Submersion between Manifolds
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If $\iota: U\hookrightarrow M$ denotes the inclusion, where $U\neq M$ is open in $M$, then $\iota_{*}:T_pM\rightarrow T_pM$ is both, injective and surjective. Hence $\iota$ is an immersion and a submersion. But $\iota$ clearly need not be surjective.