Integrate $\operatorname{PV}\int_0^{\infty}\frac{x\tan(\pi x)}{(1+x^2)^2}dx$

231 Views Asked by At

A friend of mine send me the problem to integrate

$$\operatorname{PV}\int_0^{\infty}\frac{x\operatorname{tan}(\pi x)}{(1+x^2)^2}dx$$ where $\operatorname{PV}$ is Cauchy principle value.

I'm getting $\frac{1}{2}\psi^{(1)}\left(\frac{1}{2}+i\right)$ which is complex trigamma argument however, he has got answer in real closed form $\frac{\pi^2}{(e^{-\pi}+e^{\pi})^2.}$.

My work

I evaluted integral as follows

Recalling the result to due Weiestrass factorization theorem $$ \operatorname{cos}(\pi x)=\prod_{n\geq 0}\left(1-\frac{4 x}{(2n+1)^2}\right)$$ taking $\log$ and differentiating with rest to $x$ we have $$\operatorname{tan}(\pi x)=\frac{8}{\pi}\sum_{n\geq 0}\frac{x}{(2n+1)^2-4x^2}$$ and thus subbing this result the integral, we have $$\frac{8}{\pi}\sum_{n\geq 0}\int_0^{\infty}\frac{x^2dx}{((2n+1)^2-4x^2)(1+x^2)^2}$$

Making partial fraction and integration gives us $$\sum_{n\geq 0}\frac{2}{(2n+2i+1)^2}=\frac{1}{2}\psi^{1}\left(\frac{1}{2}+i\right)$$

As the per WA $$\Re\frac{1}{2}\left(\psi^{(1)}\left(\frac{1}{2}+i\right)\right)=\frac{\pi^2}{(e^{-\pi }+e^{\pi})^2}\tag{1}\label{mainfm}$$

My question is, How do i prove the relation \eqref{mainfm}?

I tried for the references of relationship between hyperbolic function and trigamma function however, I cannot get any such relationship.

Any sort of help/ reference or different approches will be appreciated. Thank you.

Interestingly, making change of $\operatorname{tan}(\pi x)$ as $\operatorname{tanh}(\pi x)$ I came up with the following closed form

$$\int_0^{\infty}\frac{x\tanh(\pi x)}{(1+x^2)^2}dx=\frac{\pi^2}{4}-2$$

1

There are 1 best solutions below

1
On BEST ANSWER

$(1)$ follows immediately from the "conjugation property" and the reflection formula for $\psi^{(1)}$: $$\psi^{(1)}(\bar{z})=\overline{\psi^{(1)}(z)};\qquad\psi^{(1)}(z)+\psi^{(1)}(1-z)=\frac{\pi^2}{\sin^2\pi z}.$$