Admit that $f$ has a second derivative find the integer $m$.
$$m\int_{0}^{1}xf''(2x)dx = \int_0^2xf''(x)dx$$
So I took $2x=u$ where $du/dx=2$ and I plugged in the integral getting
$$\frac{m}{4}\int_{0}^{2}uf''(u)du =\frac{1}{4} \int_{0}^{2} uf''(\frac{u}{2})du$$
How do I proceed from here?
So as you observed, substituting $2x \to x$ in the LHS we have
$$m\int_0^1 x f''(2x) \, \mathrm d x = \frac m 4 \int_0^2 x f''(x) \, \mathrm d x$$
Thus $m=4$.