I came across the following formula used in a calculation of the distributional derivative (though the formula itself is not really to do with distributions), which apparently follows from the Divergence Theorem:
$$\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}D^{\alpha}\phi \ \psi \ dx =(-1)^{|\alpha|}\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\phi \ D^{\alpha}\psi \ dx.$$
Here, $\phi,\psi:\mathbb{R}^d \to \mathbb{R}$ with compact support, the integrals are Riemann integrals and $\alpha$ is a multi-index. I think for a single partial derivative ($|\alpha|=1$) we'd write
$$\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\partial_i\phi \ \psi \ dx +\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\phi \ \partial_i\psi \ dx=\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\partial_i(\phi \ \psi) \ dx.$$
I understand that the integrand on the right can be seen as the divergence of the vector field that has all components $0$ except for the $i$th one, $\phi \psi$. Then by compact support the integral is just over some ball which properly contains the support, so by the Divergence Theorem it's the integral over a sphere of some multiple of $\phi\psi x_i$ (because the outward unit normal has direction $x$). But this is $0$ on the sphere so the integral is $0$ as required. Is this reasoning correct?
For higher derivatives maybe we take $\partial_j$ of this equation and need to show that
$$\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\partial_i\phi \ \partial_j\psi \ dx +\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\partial_j\phi \ \partial_i\psi \ dx=0,$$
and I'm not sure how to show this, though I might be missing something obvious.
I made my comment with the idea I was just pointing you in a different direction, but since it does answer the question, I'll turn it into a post.
I had missed that you were looking for confirmation of your own argument. Yes, that is a legitimate argument. The divergence theorem and the FTC are both special cases of Stokes' Theorem, so it isn't surprising that both can be used to prove this result.
To expand on my argument, if $\phi \in C_c^\infty(\Bbb R^n)$, the set of all smooth functions with compact support, then for the $i$-th variable $x_i$, $$\int_{-\infty}^\infty \partial_i\phi\ dx_i = \phi|_{-\infty}^\infty = 0 - 0 = 0\tag1$$ If $\phi, \psi \in C_c^\infty(\Bbb R^n)$, then so is $\phi\psi$ and $\partial_i(\phi\psi) = \phi\partial_i\psi + \psi\partial_i\phi$. Applying $(1)$, this gives $$\int_{-\infty}^\infty \phi\partial_i\psi + \psi\partial_i\phi\ dx_i = 0$$ And then integrating $0$ over all the other variables continues to give $0$: $$\int_{\Bbb R^n} \phi\partial_i\psi + \psi\partial_i\phi\ |dx| = 0$$ $$\int_{\Bbb R^n} \phi\partial_i\psi \ |dx|= - \int_{\Bbb R^n}\psi\partial_i\phi\ |dx|\tag2$$
Finally, if $\alpha$ is a multi-index with $m = |\alpha|$, then there is a sequence $\{i_j\}_{j = 1}^m \subseteq \{1, ..., n\}$ such that $D^\alpha\phi = \partial_{i_1}\partial_{i_2}...\partial_{i_m}\phi$. Hence $m$ applications of $(2)$ gives $$\int ( \partial_{i_1}...\partial_{i_m}\phi)\psi\ |dx| = (-1)^m\int \phi(\partial_{i_m}...\partial_{i_1}\psi)\ |dx|$$ $$\int_{\Bbb R^n} \psi D^\alpha\phi\ |dx| =(-1)^{|\alpha|} \int_{\Bbb R^n} \phi D^\alpha\psi\ |dx|\tag3$$ since the order of the differentiations does not matter.