Is there a specific name for a set with a defined binary operation, that is not a group? e.g.:
({1, 2, 3, 6}, +).
Is there a specific name for a set with a defined binary operation, that is not a group? e.g.:
({1, 2, 3, 6}, +).
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A binary operation is a map $\circ : A \times A \to A$, which you don't actually have since $1 + 3$ is outside your set.
However, the term for a set equipped with a binary operation is a magma.