Really basic question here since I'm a beginner.
Obviously the Lebesgue measure on $\mathbb{R}^n$ isn't a probability measure (since $\mu(\mathbb{R}^n) \neq 1$), but what if we have the Lebesgue measure restricted to a set of measure 1 in $\mathbb{R}^n$? That is, say we have the box $B = [0,1]^n$. Then is the Lebesgue measure restricted to subsets of $B$ a probability measure, or is there something else I'm missing? If so, would it be considered the "canonical" probability measure here?
Yes it will be a probability measure. In fact it is the uniform measure on $B $ (uniform distribution: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_distribution_(continuous))