I am trying to solve the following problems ($p$ is an odd prime).
- Find the sum $$\sum_{a=1}^{p-1}a \cdot \left (\frac{a}{p} \right),$$
- Find the sum $$\sum_{a=1}^{p-1} 2^a \cdot \left (\frac{a}{p} \right).$$
Some thoughts :
- I reduced the sum to $2S_P-\frac{p(p-1)}{2}$ where $S_p$ is the sum of the quadratic residues modulo $p$ but I don't know how to evaluate it .
- Nothing so far but more generally what can we say about the polynomial :
$$f(x)=\sum_{a=1}^{p-1} x^a \cdot \left (\frac{a}{p} \right)$$
Is this polynomial interesting in any way ?
Thanks for all the help .