Mapping of open subsets of product spaces.

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Let each $(A_i,T_i) = (\{0,2\}, T_{discrete})$ and define $\phi : \prod (A_i, T_i) \rightarrow [0,1]$ with $\phi (<a_1, a_2, ...>) = \sum^{\infty}_{i=1} \frac{a_i}{2^{i+1}}$.

If we let $W = \{a_1\} \times \{a_2\} \times ... \{a_N\} \times A_{N+1} \times A_{N+2} \times ...$

What is $\phi (W)$?

It seems to be $\frac {a_1}{2^2} +\frac {a_2}{2^3} + ... + \frac {a_N}{2^{N+1}} + \frac{\{0,2\}}{2^{N+2}}$ + ... ? but this doesn't make sense.

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HINT: You’re right: as you’ve written it, it doesn’t really make sense. $W$ contains infinitely many different points of the product, each of which is a sequence of $0$s and $2$s, and $\varphi[W]$ contains the images under $\varphi$ of all of these sequences. Thus,

$$\varphi[W]=\left\{\frac{a_1}{2^2}+\frac{a_2}{2^3}+\ldots+\frac{a_N}{2^{N+1}}+\sum_{n\ge N+1}\frac{a_n}{2^{n+1}}:a_n\in\{0,2\}\text{ for each }n\ge N+1\right\}\;.$$

Now notice that

$$\frac{a^n}{2^{n+1}}=\begin{cases} \dfrac0{2^{n+1}}=\dfrac0{2^n},&\text{if }a_n=0\\ \dfrac2{2^{n+1}}=\dfrac1{2^n},&\text{if }a_n=2\;, \end{cases}$$

so if we set $b_n=\frac{a_n}2$ for $n\ge 1$, we can rewrite $\varphi[W]$:

$$\varphi[W]=\left\{\frac{b_1}{2^1}+\frac{b_2}{2^2}+\ldots+\frac{b_N}{2^N}+\sum_{n\ge N+1}\frac{b_n}{2^n}:b_n\in\{0,1\}\text{ for each }n\ge N+1\right\}\;.$$

At this point it’s very helpful to think of the elements of $\varphi[W]$ interms of their binary representations: for any specific choice of values of the $b_n\in\{0,1\}$, the sum of the infinite series

$$\frac{b_1}{2^1}+\frac{b_2}{2^2}+\ldots+\frac{b_N}{2^N}+\sum_{n\ge N+1}\frac{b_n}{2^n}\tag{1}$$

is simply the real number whose binary representation is

$${0.b_1b_2\ldots b_Nb_{N+1}\ldots\,}_{\text{two}}\;:\tag{2}$$

by definition the binary expansion $(2)$ means the sum of the series $(1)$. Thus, $\varphi[W]$ is the set of all real numbers that have binary expansions starting $0.b_1b_2\ldots b_N$.

  • What is the smallest such number?
  • Is there a largest such number? If so, what is it? If not, what is the supremum (least upper bound) of all such numbers?

Once you’ve answered those questions, you should be able to describe $\varphi[W]$ in very simple terms.