According to wikipedia, a transformation of the form
$$A → P^T A P$$
is called a congruence transformation when $P$ is invertible (and thus square).
I often run into transformations of the similar form
$$A → N^T A N$$
where $N$ is rectangular.
For example, this happens in optimization when $x^T A x$ defines a quadratic objective and then $x = N y$ is substituted to reparameterize over a linear (sub)space (e.g., enforce linear equality constraints).
Similar questions without answers: