Let $D\subset \mathbb{R}^2$ be the closed unit disk, boundary of $D$ is $\mathbb{S}^1$, let $a,b\in \mathbb{S}^1$ are two distinct points, $A,B\subset D$ are two disjoint closed sets with $A\cap \mathbb{S}^1=\{a\}$ and $B\cap \mathbb{S}^1=\{b\}$.
My problem is that given any distinct $x,y \in \mathbb{S}^1-\{a,b\}$, could $x,y$ be connected by a continuous path which lies in $D-A\cup B$? This means that there exists a continuous $f:[0,1]\rightarrow D-A\cup B$ such that $f(0)=x$ and $f(1)=y$.
At first let me introduce some simple notation. For a closed bounded set $A \subset \mathbb{R}^2$ I will denote by $\tilde{A}$ the union of $A$ and all bounded components of $\mathbb{R}^2 \setminus A$. Alternatively $\mathbb{R}^2 \setminus \tilde{A}$ is the unbounded component of $\mathbb{R}^2 \setminus A$. I will make some simple observations about this thing.
From these observations it is easy to derive that all we need is to prove that $D \setminus (\tilde{A'} \bigcup \tilde{B'})$ is connected (under your assumptions).
Now we can proceed by proving one simple fact. If $X$ is locally path connected and simply connected and $F,G \subset X$ are two disjoint closed sets such that $X \setminus F$ and $X \setminus G$ are connected then $X \setminus(F \bigcup G)$ is also (path) connected.
For $U = X \setminus G$ and $V = X \setminus F$ we apply Mayer-Vietoris sequence: $\dots \rightarrow \tilde{H}_1(X) \rightarrow \tilde{H}_0(U \bigcap V) \rightarrow \tilde{H}_0(U) \oplus \tilde{H}_0(V) \rightarrow \tilde{H}_0(X) \rightarrow 0$ is exact. But all terms except $\tilde{H}_0(U \bigcap V)$ are trivial and therefore $U \bigcap V$ is connected. But $U \bigcap V = X \setminus(F \bigcup G)$.