As I understand it, the theorem and proof for the Laplace transform of positive integer powers is as follows:
Theorem
Let $t^n : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ be $t$ to the $n$th power for some $n \in \mathbb{N}_{\ge 0}$
Let $\mathcal{L}$ be the Laplace transform.
Then
$$\mathcal{L} \{ t^n \} = \dfrac{n!}{s^{n + 1}}$$
for $\Re(s) > 0$
Proof
The proof proceeds by induction on $n$ for $t^n$.
Base case:
When $n = 0$, we have
$$t^0 = 1$$
\begin{align*} \therefore \mathcal{L} \{ t^0 \} &= \mathcal{L} \{ 1 \} \\\ &= \dfrac{1}{s} \ \ \ \text{(Laplace transform of a constant.)} \\\ &= \dfrac{0!}{s^{0 + 1}} \ \ \ \text{(By the definition of $0!$.)} \end{align*}
Induction Hypothesis:
Let $n \in \mathbb{N}$ with $n \ge 1$.
Then
$$\mathcal{L} \{ t^n \} = \dfrac{n!}{s^{n + 1}}$$
Induction Step:
$$\mathcal{L} \{ t^{n + 1} \} = \int_0^\infty t^{n + 1} e^{-st} \ dt \ \ \ \text{(By the definition of Laplace transform.)}$$
We now use integration by parts, which says that
$$\int fg' = fg - \int f'g \ dt$$
Let $f = t^{n + 1}$ and $g' = e^{-st}$
Therefore, $f' = (n + 1)t^n$ and $g = - \dfrac{1}{s} e^{-st}$
So we have
$$\int t^{n + 1} e^{-st} \ dt = - \dfrac{t^{n + 1}}{s}e^{-st} + \dfrac{n + 1}{s} \int t^n e^{-st} \ dt$$
Evaluating $t = 0$ and $t \to \infty$, we get
\begin{align*} \mathcal{L} \{ t^{n + 1} \} &= \left. - \dfrac{1}{s} t^{n + 1}e^{-st} \right|_0^\infty + \dfrac{n + 1}{s} \mathcal{L} \{ t^n \} \\ &= \left. -\dfrac{s^{-1}t^{n + 1}}{e^{st}} \right|_0^\infty + \dfrac{n + 1}{s} \mathcal{L} \{ t^n \} \\ &= 0 - 0 + \dfrac{n + 1}{s} \mathcal{L} \{ t^n \} \\ &= \dfrac{n + 1}{s} \times \dfrac{n!}{s^{n + 1}} \\ &= \dfrac{(n + 1)!}{s^{n + 1 + 1}} \end{align*}
I'm now looking for the proof of the Laplace transform of real number powers, rather than just positive integer powers. I've been unable to find this in my research.
I would greatly appreciate it if people could please take the time to demonstrate this.
\begin{align*} \mathcal{L} \{ t^\alpha \} &= \int_0^\infty e^{-st} t^\alpha\ dt\\ &= \int_0^\infty e^{-w} \left(\dfrac{w}{s}\right)^\alpha\ \dfrac{dw}{s}\\ &= \dfrac{1}{s^{\alpha+1}}\int_0^\infty e^{-w} w^\alpha\ dw\\ &= \dfrac{\Gamma(\alpha+1)}{s^{\alpha+1}} \end{align*} where $s>0$