I have the following data:
Level xp xp cumul
1 100 100
2 200 300
3 300 600
4 400 1000
5 500 1500
6 600 2100
7 700 2800
8 800 3600
9 900 4500
10 1000 5500
I would like a function that takes xp as a parameter (right column) and returns level (left column)
xp formula is: level*100
xp cumul formula is: (xp+1) + (xp)
I think that you are describing the following: the amount of xp per level is $xp(l) = 100l$, so the cumulative xp gained by level $l$ will be $xp_c(l) = \sum_{n=1}^l 100n = 100 \cdot \frac{l(l+1)}{2}$, as mentioned in the comments.
In particular, I think that you are looking for $xp_c^{-1}(l)$, which will take the total amount of xp and spit out a level: to do this, consider $$x = xp_c(xp_c^{-1}(x)) = 50((xp_c^{-1}(x))^2 + xp_c^{-1}(x))$$ which gives you $$xp_c^{-1}(x) = \frac{-50 + \sqrt{2500 + 200x}}{100}$$ which you can verify passes through the points $(100, 1), (300, 2), \dots$.
If you only want integer values, just take the floor of it.