Theorems that give sufficient condition for a $C^{\infty}$ function to be analytic

Question

What are general theorems that give sufficient criteria for a $C^{\infty}$ function to be analytic? The more general/simple the test, the better. I'm trying to understand in a more thorough way what prevents $C^{\infty}$ functions from being analytic. The canonical example of a $C^{\infty}$ function $f$ which is not analytic at a point is $f(x) = e^{-\frac{1}{x}}$ for $x \in [0, \infty]$ and $f(x) = 0$ elsewhere. This indicates to me that nonzero analytic functions cannot "flatten out" too quickly at a point where they are defined. I know this is vague, but can you give me some theorems that make it more clear just how much more general $C^{\infty}$ functions are than analytic ones, and how many more degrees of freedom they have? I would also appreciate examples of $C^{\infty}$ functions that are pathological in some sense, in a way that an analytic function cannot be. For example, is there a $C^{\infty}$ function that fails to be analytic on a dense set?

Answer 1

I am afraid that graphics not always gives us clear visual cues about analyticity because the differences between smoothness and analyticity are somewhat subtle and technical. The following is the only difference known to me:

Proposition. Let $f: I \to \mathbb{R}$ be an analytic function defined on an open interval $ I \subseteq \mathbb{R} $. If exists $ x_0 \in I $ such that for every $ n \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ge 0}$ we have that $ f^{(n)}(x_0) = 0 $, then $ f(x) = 0 $ for every $ x \in I $.

Since the class of analytic functions is well behaved in the sense that it is closed under the operations of sum, product and composition, another thing that might help to identify non-analytic functions when dealing with combinations of elementary analytic functions is looking at points in the function maximal domain such that it could not be extended without losing its analyticity and possibly the need of a piecewise function. That is exactly the case with the function

$$ f(x) = \begin{cases} e^{-\frac{1}{x}} & x >0 \\ 0 &x \le 0 \end{cases} $$

which fails to be analytic exactly on $ x = 0 $ which in turn is the only point out of the maximal domain $ \mathbb{R} \backslash \{0\} $ of the function $ e^{-\frac{1}{x}} $ that it is not possible to assign a value such that preserves the analyticity.

Now we will state two propositions that gives sufficient criteria for a smooth function to be analytic. Let $ f: I \to \mathbb{R} $ be a smooth function defined on an open interval $ I \subseteq \mathbb{R} $.

Proposition. The function $f$ is analytic if and only if for every $ x_0 \in I $ the Taylor series of $f$ around $x_0$ converges to $f(x)$ for all $x$ in a neighbourhood of $x_0$.

Proposition. The function $f$ is analytic if and only if for every compact subset $K \subset I$ there exists a constant $ C \in \mathbb{R}_{\ge 0} $ such that for every $ n \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ge 0} $ the following innequality holds for all $x \in K$

$$ |f^{(n)}(x)| \le C^{n+1} \, n! $$

Lastly, you can find more about not so much pathological non-analytical smooth functions in the following Wikipedia articles:

• Non-analytic smooth function
• Bump function
• Mollifier
• Fabius function
• Flat function