Reading some quantum theory lecture notes, I came across a notation that really confuses me: $\langle a \rangle_{\vec{u}} $, for $ a \in \{-1, 1\} $ and a unit 3D vector $\vec{u}$.
See equation (15) in these notes for context.
2026-04-02 02:27:40.1775096860
What does braket subscript vector mean?
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It’s a notation for the expectation value.