What kind of mathematics is this?

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Little backstory, I basically taught myself Algebra I and II and some trigonometry using textbook self-study and some YouTube resources. But I'm trying to get into some more advanced stuff related to game theory, and there is math accompanying it that I have never seen before.

What sort of 'course of study' should I pursue before attempting to follow the math below?

Example 1 Example 2 Example 3