I took the standard calculus 1, 2, and 3 and was very dissatisfied with all the ambiguity. I especially have bad memories of very ambiguously defined differentials. Which course starts from the basics and proves everything rigorously? I won't be taking the class soon for any such course, but I plan to buy the book and study it myself.
Is the course I'm looking for called real analysis? Are there any prerequisites I should take a look at, especially since I am not familiar with most of the logic notation/symbols? What would be a good textbook for me to learn from by myself?
Two things required to learn Real Analysis
$1.$ Love for Mathematics
$2$. Logical Thinking which you will develop more as time passes.
Get the book Introduction to Mathematical Analysis by Tom. M. Apostol as it is a very detailed book with tons of exercises and examples.
Now Enjoy...