Which of the following first order formulae is logically valid? Here $α(x)$ is a first order formula with $x$ as a free variable, and $β$ is a first order formula with no free variable.
- $[β → (\exists x, α(x))] → [\forall x, β → α(x)]$
- $[\exists x, β → α(x)] → [β → (\forall x, α(x))]$
- $[(\exists x, α(x)) → β] → [\forall x, α(x) → β]$
- $[(\forall x, α(x)) → β] → [\forall x, α(x) → β]$
My attempt :
- If any is true then all need not be true.
- If any is true then all need not be true.
- If any is true then all need not be true.
- Seems true, since only $x$ is bounded variable in $\alpha$.Actually LHS is equivalent(bi-conditional) to RHS ; so, implecation is also true.
Can you explain with the help of example(s) for each option, please?