Why is it called an 'integral' curve?

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The concept of a integral curve is relatively easy to understand as path through a vector field which is tangent to the field at each point.

But why is it called an "integral" curve? It appears to have little to do with integers, or integration.

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It does somewhat have to do with integration. To find an integral curve, you have to solve a system of ODEs at every point. Let me quote from John Lee, Introduction to Smooth Manifolds, p. 207.

This is the reason for the terminology “integral curves,” because solving a system of ODEs is often referred to as “integrating” the system.