I'm trying to understand a proof of the Frobenius Theorem on Division Algebras, but my knowledge of the relevant mathematics isn't really up to scratch. The proof I'm reading is this one.
I'm not sure what the notation $R[\alpha]$ could mean. I'm assuming that $R[\alpha]=\{a+b\alpha|a,b \in R\}$. Why should this be isomorphic to the complex numbers? Basically I want to know what a finite field extension is, and why it should be isomorphic to the complex numbers.
Thanks for any help!
In the notation there, $\bf{R}[\alpha]$ denotes the subalgebra generated by the real numbers $\bf{R}$ and the element $\alpha$.
Over fields in general, $F[\alpha]$ can look very different from the complex numbers. For example, for $\alpha=\sqrt[n]{2}$, we have ${\bf Q}[\alpha]=\{a_0+a_1\alpha+a_2\alpha^2+\dots+a_{n-1}\alpha^{n-1}\mid a,b,c\in \bf Q\}$. In the extension $\bf Q\subseteq \bf R$, the extension $\bf Q[\pi]$ is actually isomorphic to ${\bf Q}[x]$ (this is an example of an extension by a non-algebraic element.)
Since $\alpha$ is algebraic over $\bf{R}$ and not in $\bf R$, this ring $\bf{R}[\alpha]$ is a finite dimensional commutative domain over $\bf R$, so it's actually a proper field extenion. But the fundamental theorem of algebra tells us there's only one such field, and that is $\bf C$.
A field extension is just a pair of two fields $E,F$ such that $E\supseteq F$. $E$ can be viewed as a vector space over $F$ in the natural way (just using multiplication in $E$.) This extension is called finite when $E$ is a finite dimensional vector space over $F$. In particular, extension by an algebraic element is a finite dimensional extension.