Are median and mode also 'moments' of a probability distribution?

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Wikipedia describes 'moments' as quantitative measures related to the shape of a function's/distribution's graph. In that case, are median and mode also essentially a form of moments? If not, why not?

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No. That is just a general description; the mathematical definition (which explains in more detail what is meant by the description) is given in the article:

$$\mu_n = \int_{x=-\infty}^\infty (x - c)^n f_X(x) \, dx.$$

After all, "quantitative measures related to the shape of a function" is not mathematically precise. That could refer to anything--convexity, monotonicity, supremum, etc.

The notions of median and mode are more aptly categorized as "measures of central tendency."