Can you multiply a natural log term by a constant to take power inside log term?

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For Calculus 2 homework I must prove that $\displaystyle\int \frac{du}{u^2-a^2} = \frac{1}{2a}\ln\left|\frac{u-a}{u+a}\right|+C$

The instructor wants us to use trigonometric substitution to solve.

My question is, may I take the term (acquired along the way):

\begin{align} \ln\left|\frac{a+u}{\sqrt{u^2-a^2}}\right| &=\frac{2}{2}\ln\left|\frac{a+u}{\sqrt{u^2-a^2}}\right|\\[3px] &=\frac12\ln\left|\frac{a+u}{\sqrt{u^2-a^2}}\right|^2\\[3px] &=\frac12\ln\left|\frac{(a+u)^2}{(\sqrt{u^2-a^2})^2}\right| \end{align}

I realize the rules of logarithms state that $\log_ax^p = p\log_ax$

However, I can't tell if this is a valid operation or I merely have flawed logic in this case. Thank you!

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The substitution you can use in this case is $$ u=\frac{a}{\cos2t} $$ so $$ \frac{1}{u^2-a^2}=\frac{\cos^22t}{a^2\sin^22t}, \qquad du=\frac{2a\sin2t}{\cos^22t} $$ and the integral becomes $$ \frac{2}{a}\int\frac{1}{\sin2t}\,dt= \frac{1}{a}\int\frac{\cos^2t+\sin^2t}{\sin t\cos t}\,dt= \frac{1}{a}\int \left(\frac{\cos t}{\sin t}+\frac{\sin t}{\cos t}\right)\,dt= \frac{1}{a}\ln\left|\frac{\sin t}{\cos t}\right|+C $$ Now we can divide by $2$ and square inside the logarithm: $$ \frac{1}{2a}\ln\left|\frac{\sin^2t}{\cos^2t}\right|= \frac{1}{2a}\ln\left|\frac{1-\cos2t}{1+\cos2t}\right|= \frac{1}{2a}\ln\left|\frac{u-a}{u+a}\right| $$

In your computation you have $$ \ln\left|\frac{a+u}{\sqrt{u^2-a^2}}\right|= \ln\sqrt{\frac{(u+a)^2}{u^2-a^2}}= \ln\sqrt{\frac{u+a}{u-a}}=\frac{1}{2}\ln\frac{u+a}{u-a} $$ but there seems to be something wrong in how you arrived to this. You're missing an absolute value under the square root, to begin with.

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Your third line is OK. You are indeed following the stated identity for logarithms, which is always correct -- maybe there's some corner case where it doesn't hold but it seems pretty robust for finite arguments.

However instead I would suggest you expand the integrand in partial fractions.