Evaluate the limit $\lim_{x \to 0}\frac{2+\tan \left(e^{x}-\cos x\right)-e^{x}-\cosh x}{x(\sqrt{1+2 x}-\sqrt[3]{1+3 x})}$

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Evaluate the limit $$L=\lim _{x \to 0}\frac{2+\tan \left(e^{x}-\cos x\right)-e^{x}-\cos h x}{x(\sqrt{1+2 x}-\sqrt[3]{1+3 x})}$$

By generalized binomial expansion we have

$$\sqrt{1+2 x}-\sqrt[3]{1+3 x}=\left[1+\frac{1}{2}(2 x)+\frac{\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}-1\right)}{2 !}(2 x)^{2}+\cdots\right]-\left[1+\frac{1}{3}(3 x)+\frac{\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{1}{3}-1\right)}{2}(3 x)^{2}+\cdots\right]$$ $\implies$ $$\sqrt{1+2x}-\sqrt[3]{1+3x}=\frac{x^2}{2}+O(x^3)$$ $\implies$ $$L=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{2+\tan \left(e^{x}-\cos x\right)-e^{x}-\cos h x}{x^{3}\left(\frac{\frac{x^{2}}{2}+O\left(x^{3}\right)}{x^{2}}\right)}$$ $\implies$ $$L=2 \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{2+\tan \left(e^{x}-\cos x\right)-e^{x}-\left(\frac{e^{x}+e^{-x}}{2}\right)}{x^{3}} \to (1)$$

We have $$e^{x}=1+x+\frac{1}{2} x^{2}+\frac{1}{6} x^{3}+\frac{1}{24} x^{4}+\ldots$$ and $$\cos x=1-\frac{1}{2} x^{2}+\frac{1}{24} x^{4}-\frac{1}{720} x^{6}+.$$

Thus we have $$e^x-\cos x=x+x^2+\frac{x^3}{6}+O(x^4)$$

Now we have the Maclaurin's series expansion of $\tan x$ as: $$\tan x=x+\frac{1}{3} x^{3}+\frac{2}{15} x^{5}+...$$ So we get

$$\tan(e^x-\cos x)=x+x^2+\frac{x^3}{6}+\frac{1}{3}x^3+O(x^4) \to (2)$$

Also we have $$e^{x}+\cosh x=e^{x}+\frac{e^{x}+e^{-x}}{2}$$ $$e^x+\cos hx=\begin{aligned} \frac{3}{2}(1+x+&\left.\frac{x^{2}}{2!}+\frac{x^{3}}{3 !}+..\right) +\frac{1}{2}\left(1-\frac{x}{1 !}+\frac{x^{2}}{2!}-\frac{x^{3}}{3 !}+\cdots^{}\right) \end{aligned}$$ $\implies$ $$e^x+\cos hx=2+x+x^2+\frac{x^3}{6}+O(x^4) \to (3)$$

Using $(2),(3)$ in $(1)$ we get $$L=\frac{2}{3}$$ Is there any alternate way?

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There is one right way to do this limit:

$$ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{ \frac{1- \cosh x}{x}+ \left[ \frac{\tan(e^x - \cos x)}{x} -\frac{1-e^x}{x} \right]}{ \sqrt{1 +2x}- (1+3x)^{\frac13}}=\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\left( - \frac{x}{2!} - \frac{x^3}{4!}+O(x^5)\right)+ \left[ \frac{\left(2e^x -1- \cos x \right)+\frac{(e^x - \cos x)^3}{3}}{x}.. \right]}{\left[ 2-1\right] \frac{x^2}{2!} +O(x^3)}$$

Note that:

$$ (2e^x - 1 - \cos x)= \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^3}{3} + O(x^4)$$:

Hence,

$$ \lim_{x \to 0}\frac{ \left( - \frac{x}{2!} - \frac{x^3}{4!}+O(x^5) \right)+ \left[ \frac{\frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^3}{3} + O(x^4) }{x}.\right]}{ \frac{x^2}{2!} +O(x^3)} $$

$$ \lim_{x \to 0}\frac{\frac{x^2}{3} + O(x^3)}{\frac{x^2}{2!}+O(x^3)}= \frac23$$

Idea: I first rearranged the expression to make them all look like derivatives, for the denominator I tried to find the first non zero term of in it's expansion and then expanded numerator in that.

It is still a mess, but it reduces solving the question in an algorithim.

  1. Arrange the expressions to look like known limits on numerator and denominator
  2. Find deg denominator
  3. Expand numerator till deg denominator
  4. Careful algebra
  5. Take the limit