How do I find the equation for any given function?

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If I am given a graph with labeled points, and I’m asked to find the equation that represents the given function, how can I do so? Just by looking at points it would be nearly impossible, and trying to find an approximation is even harder.

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This is a broad area known as regression (don't need the equation to go through all the points) or interpolation (need the equation to go through all the points). You often have some a priori idea of what shape of function you're after, in which case you can use a regression technique like least squares to fit your model (the a priori idea) with the actual data. Good idea to plot the residuals (model minus data points) to see if there's any systemic issue with your fit.